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Epicharmus of Kos or Epicharmus Comicus or Epicharmus Comicus Syracusanus (), is thought to have lived within the ninety-year period between c. 540 and c. 450 BC. He was a Greek dramatist and philosopher often credited with being one of the first comic writers, having originated the Doric or Sicilian comedic form.〔Broken laughter: select fragments of Greek comedy By S. Douglas Olson (Page 52 ) ISBN 0-19-928785-6〕 Aristotle (''Poetics'' 5.1449b5)〔Aristotle, ''Poetics'' 5.1449b5 ())〕 writes that he and Phormis invented comic plots (μῦθος, ''muthos'').〔cf. P.W.Buckham, p.245〕 Most of the information we have about Epicharmus comes from the writings of Athenaeus, ''Suda'' and Diogenes Laertius, but fragments and comments come up in a host of other ancient authors as well. There have also been some papyrus finds of longer sections of text, but these are often so full of holes that it is difficult to make sense of them. Plato mentions Epicharmus in his dialogue ''Gorgias''〔Plato, ''Gorgias'' (): "So that, in Epicharmus's phrase, 'what two men spake erewhile' I may prove I can manage single-handed". ()〕 and in ''Theaetetus''. In the latter, Socrates refers to Epicharmus as "the prince of Comedy", Homer as "the prince of Tragedy", and both as "great masters of either kind of poetry".〔"Summon the great masters of either kind of poetry- Epicharmus, the prince of Comedy, and Homer of Tragedy", ''Theaetetus'', by Plato, section §152e. () (translation by Benjamin Jowett ()). There is some variability in translation of the passage. Words like "king", "chief", "leader", "master" are used in the place of "prince" in different translations. The basic Greek word in Plato is "akroi" from "akros" meaning topmost or high up. In this context it means "of a degree highest of its kind" or "consummate" (cf. Liddell & Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon). ()〕 More references by ancient authors can be found discussed in Pickard-Cambridge's ''Dithyramb, Tragedy, Comedy''〔cf. A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, Chapter IV, beginning on p. 230, on Epicharmus works and life, and citations by authors on him. Also it addresses the controversy about when and where he was born.〕 and they are collected in Greek in Kassel and Austin's new edition of the fragments in ''Poetae Comici Graeci'' (2001). ==Life and work== Epicharmus' birthplace is not known, but late and fairly unreliable ancient commentators suggest a number of alternatives. The ''Suda'' (E 2766) records that he was either Syracusan by birth or from the Sikanian city of Krastos. Diogenes Laertius (VIII 78) records that Epicharmus was born in Astypalea, the ancient capital of Kos on the Bay of Kamari, near modern-day Kefalos. Diogenes Laertius also records that Epicharmus' father was the prominent physician Helothales, who moved the family to Megara, Sicily when Epicharmus was just a few months old. Although raised according to the Asclepiad tradition of his father, as an adult Epicharmus became a follower of Pythagoras.〔cf. P.W.Buckham, p.164, "But Epicharmus was a philosopher and a Pythagorean"; and Pickard-Cambridge, p. 232, "Epicharmus was a hearer of Pythagoras".〕 All of this biographical information could be treated as suspect. More references to alternative origins and discussion of their likelihood can be found in Pickard-Cambridge's ''Tragedy, Comedy, Dithyramb'', and more recently in Rodriguez Noriega Guillen's ''Epicarmo di Siracusa: Testimonios y Fragmentos''.〔(Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.10.24 )〕 The standard edition of his fragments by Kaibel has now been updated with the publication of Kassel and Austin's ''Poetae Comici Graeci.'' It is most likely that sometime after 484 BC, he lived in Syracuse, and worked as a poet for the tyrants Gelo and Hiero I. The subject matter of his poetry covered a broad range, from exhortations against intoxication and laziness to such unorthodox topics as mythological burlesque, but he also wrote on philosophy, medicine, natural science, linguistics, and ethics. Among many other philosophical and moral lessons, Epicharmus taught that the continuous exercise of virtue could overcome heredity, so that anyone had the potential to be a good person regardless of birth. He died in his 90s (according to a statement in Lucian,〔Lucian, ''Macrobii'', 25 (cf. ())〕 he died at ninety-seven). Diogenes Laertius records that there was a bronze statue dedicated to him in Syracuse, by the inhabitants, for which Theocritus composed the following inscription:〔Theocritus, ''Epigrams'', 17 (cf. ())〕 ''"As the bright sun excels the other stars,'' ''As the sea far exceeds the river streams:'' ''So does sage Epicharmus men surpass,'' ''Whom hospitable Syracuse has crowned."'' Theocritus Epigram 18 (AP IX 60; Kassel and Austin Test. 18) is also written in his honor. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Epicharmus of Kos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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